Comments on Follow-Up From All CES Research Studies
One hundred percent of the 17 studies that included follow-up showed CES to have positive long term, cumulative effects. None of these studies revealed any long term, negative adverse effects.
From Pivotal Scientific Studies:
| Study No. First Author, Year |
N |
Subject Description |
Author’s Comments on Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 Brotman, Philip 1986 |
36 |
classical migraine patients | The CES group responded significantly better than the other 2 groups over the 3 month follow-up. Only the CES group showed significant carry-over effects in finger temperature. |
5 |
25 |
cocaine abusers |
A follow-up of the 3 groups from 6 to 8 months later showed that no CES patients had returned for treatment, while 50% of the CES refusers and 39% of the controls had recidivated. |
| 14 Flemenbaum, A. 1974 |
28 |
anxiety, depression, insomnia outpatients unresponsive to medications |
Those who had beneficial results maintained them throughout the 6 month follow-up. |
| 15 Forster, Sigmund 1963 |
23 |
inducing sleep |
Follow-up of patients up to 1 year after treatment has not revealed any harmful side effects. |
| 20 Hearst, E.D. 1974 |
28 |
psychotherapy outpatients |
3 patients showed continued improvement for 2 weeks to 2 months. |
| 21 Heffernan, Michael 1995 |
20 |
generalized stress >1 year, unresponsive to meds |
1 week follow-up measures in the CES group showed significant carryover effects in EMG and HR, but were not significant at the .05 level for finger temperature or capacitance. |
| 22 Hochman, Richard 1988 |
600 |
dental patients |
From the results obtained during 1 year of treating a variety of patients requiring a broad scope of dental treatments, CES was found to provide a safe, noninvasive, readily acceptable, adjunctive analgesic modality to maintain patient comfort through the majority of dental procedures for most patients. |
| 36 Magora, F. 1967 |
A: 20 B: 9 |
A: Anxiety, depression, insomnia hospitalized polysubstance abusers and B: asthmatic children |
A: Follow-up has continued for 8-12 months after treatment and has revealed no relapse. B: The asthmatic attacks stopped completely in 3 children and 4 months later the children felt well without taking any drugs. |
| 40 Matteson, Michael 1986 |
62 |
32 CES graduate students, 22 contols |
A follow-up measure 2 weeks post study found that 11 of the 13 variables were still significantly improved in the treatment group. |
| 42 Moore, J.A. 1975 |
17 |
anxiety and insomnia patients |
Despite largely negative findings several subjects reported “a remarkable improvement” in their symptoms 2-3 weeks after CES. |
| 45 Overcash, Stephen 1999 |
197 |
anxiety outpatients |
On 6-8 month follow-up, 73% of the patients were “well satisfied” with their treatment and had no significant regression or other anxiety disorder, 18% were “satisfied” but had some problem with anxiety since they stopped the treatment, and 9% chose not to respond, had significant symptoms since stopping the treatment, or in 1 case, “was not satisfied.” |
| 48 Patterson, M. 1984 |
186 |
hospitalized alcohol and polysubstance abusers |
Of a 50% response to follow-up, 78.5% were addiction-free (80.3% of drug addicts) 1 to 8 years after CES, with an average time in rehabilitation of only 16 days. Alcohol, marijuana and cigarette use were decreased in 64%. Diminished drug use was reported in 76% of recidivists. 17% had 1 treatment after CES (another CES treatment or other hospital treatment), and 1% had 2 treatments. This compares favorably with a U.S. government survey showing that 26% to 43% had repeat treatments every year after the initial treatment, for up to 6 years. |
| 67 Smith, Ray B. 1993 |
23 |
psychiatric outpatients with anxiety, depression, ADD |
On 18 month follow-up the patients performed as well or better than in the original study. |
| 84 Weiss, Marc F. 1973 |
10 |
insomnia patients |
All differences found were maintained at the 2 week and 2 year follow-up. |
From Supporting Scientific Studies:
| 7 Cartwright, R.D. 1975 |
10 | sleep onset insomnia patients |
Only 1 of 4 responders relapsed during the 2 year no-treatment period. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17 Klimke, A. 1991 |
50 |
schizophrenic and psychotic patients unresponsive to medications |
3 months after discharge from hospital 9 schizophrenics (32.1%) but only 3 patients with affective psychosis (13.6%) presented a “good outcome” (full remission). |
| 18 Koegler, R.R. 1971 |
14 |
insomnia patients |
Some patients maintained their improvement 4 months later, while others had partial return of symptoms. None regressed completely. |
| 39 Turaeva, V.A. 1967 |
156 |
eczema and neuro- dermatitis patients |
12 months follow-up revealed that the positive effects of CES was sufficiently stable. |
Excerpted from:
Kirsch, Daniel L. The Science Behind Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (2nd Ed), Medical Scope Publishing Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2002, Chapter 9:131-135. © 2002-4 by DL Kirsch, Mineral Wells, Texas.
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